Philosophy
FathAli Akbari; Malakeh Pandjoo
Abstract
Danishnama-yi ‘Ala’i (The Book of Knowledge for ‘Ala’ al-Dawla) in Persian, Mola publication in 1394, consists of a preface written by Manouchehr Sadoughi Saha, besides four parts; logic, Elme Zirin (Tabiiyyat), Music, and Elme Barin (Theology). This publication does ...
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Danishnama-yi ‘Ala’i (The Book of Knowledge for ‘Ala’ al-Dawla) in Persian, Mola publication in 1394, consists of a preface written by Manouchehr Sadoughi Saha, besides four parts; logic, Elme Zirin (Tabiiyyat), Music, and Elme Barin (Theology). This publication does not include any sections of geometry, charts, and arithmetic. The arrangement of the sections of this work (Mola publication) is in contrast to the intended order of Ibn Sina. Because the special taste of Ibn Sina in the Alaii encyclopedia is that Elme Zirin is to be placed before the Elme Barin and mathematical sections; while, in this work (Mola publication) this feature is taken from the encyclopedia and the Elme Barin follows logic and is posed before music and Elme Zirin. Footnotes of Mohammad Moein in the science section of the book_retrieved from the book published by Anjoman Asar-e Meli, Tehran, 1331_contain references that unfortunately in Mola publication are cited falsely and incorrectly, in contrast to the publication of Anjoman Asar-e Meli. The present study seeks to analyze and criticize the weaknesses and strengths of this manuscript.
Philosophy
Ghasem Pourhassan; Afsaneh Pandjoo
Volume 17, Issue 5 , October 2017, , Pages 49-70
Abstract
The deontological epistemic approach was a reaction to the foundationalism approach that advocated the existence of basic or self-justified beliefs. Descartes, skeptical of any kind of knowledge, provided the first foundations for such an approach. John Locke and W. K. Clifford expanded it with two different ...
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The deontological epistemic approach was a reaction to the foundationalism approach that advocated the existence of basic or self-justified beliefs. Descartes, skeptical of any kind of knowledge, provided the first foundations for such an approach. John Locke and W. K. Clifford expanded it with two different perspectives. Locke, in "The Reasonableness of Christianity" and "Human Understanding" and Clifford in "The Ethic of Belief" attempted to form extreme reasoning approach while criticizing foundationalism and emphasizing the existence of reason for any belief. This view provided a new basis for the acceptance of belief, which emphasized both reasoning and the ethical aspect of accepting the belief. Clifford in the treatise of "The Ethic of Beliefs", by telling two specific stories, while criticizing and praising current epistemology, seeks to show that the importance of ethical consequences of epistemic belief is more than merely justification. His major point of reliance in this path is the link between ethics and epistemology. In his treatise, he criticized the religious rightness beliefs of Muslims and, after Locke, specifically addressed the theory of authority. Clifford's method will face many challenges in emphasizing mere reason of maximum extreme type, and rejection of the particular state of faith.
